Brewing Strangers
Rev. Dr. Selvam Robertson
Brewing Strangers
Brewing Strangers
Introduction
Stranger
is a person whom we do not know, a person who is in a place that he/she has not
been in before, unfamiliar
person, foreigner, alien, outsider, visitor, guest and new arrival. The unique
condition of us is that there is an ongoing attempt to make us strangers in our
own country. It is also alarming that people migrate because of religious
persecution. Religion supposed to unite but it brews
strangers and often excludes them and that is our concern. This paper is a
modest attempt to highlight the process of ‘brewing strangers’ that are
attempted at various levels and to appeal for vigilance and involvement to
counter them in our context.
Hindutva
Ideology
The process of making Indians aliens
in India began with the emergence of Hindutva ideology conceived by the RSS. Hindutva is not Hinduism[1] It
embraces all the departments of thought and activity of the whole Being of
Hindu race.[2]
It is not a word but a history.[3]
The first essential of Hindutva is securing Hindusthan/Hindu Rashtra/Hindu
nation or the land of Hindus.[4] In
brief, Hindutva is a communal and majoritarion ideology committed to Hinduvise
India at the expense of other faith traditions.
According to Hindutva,
Hindus ‘are not only a nation but also a race-jati’[5] and
it excludes the votaries of every other faith traditions as foreigners labeling
them as enemies and secondary citizens. In the words of M.S. Golwalkar “we are
Hindus even before we emerge from the womb of our mother. We are therefore born
as Hindus. About the others, they are born to this world as simple unnamed
human beings and later on, either circumcised or baptized, they become Muslims
or Christians.”[6]
“Hindutva
is a politics of RSS combine. It aims to work for the agenda of Hindu Nation
(Rashtra).”[7]
The idea
that was stationary for some time is now actively reemerging as the Majority
NDA government is in the centre. The Hindutva ideology is based on inclusion
and exclusion.
Hindu
Rashtra
Hindutva’s intriguing
distinction between territorial/geographical nationalism and religious (Hindu)
nationalism is a way of making Indians alien in India. Assimilating the others
or destroying the others and ‘establishing a Hindu nation is called as world
Mission of RSS.[8]
The Hindu Rashtra
‘stands not only for political and economic unity but also for cultural and
religious unity’.[9]
Praveen Togadia asked the “Hindus of the country to become one and prepare the
way for Hindu Rashtra.”[10]
The darker side of the notion of Hindu nation is, often ‘Hinduism became the symbol of nationalism’ and ‘indeed,
it is an ideology which consigns a few hundred million non-Hindus to
second-class citizenship.’[11]
That is why Suchitra Vijayan says “religious nationalism” is a
genuine fear among the country’s minorities’. Religious nationalism excludes
the notion of a secular state, and denies equal participation of those who do
not identify with the dominant religion’. Further ‘the disastrous marriage
between religion and nationalism will ultimately subvert the values that have
held this nation together.[12]
Hindu nationalists reject plurality[13]
and “while the whole country during freedom movement stood up and
participated in the movement for independence and for secular democratic India,
RSS kept aloof from this movement as its goal was Hindu nation.”[14]
The RSS leaders even suggested that ‘let the Constitution
be re-examined and re-drafted, so as to establish this unitary form of
Government’.[15]
Even “both the RSS ‘Prayers’ and ‘Oath’ mandatory for its cadres, demand
establishment of a Hindu rashtra.”[16]
These
are strategies to make people outsiders in their own country.
Constant
Attempt to Challenge our Hold
RSS, since its inception
in 1925, has been working towards a Hindu nation in spite of India’s
diversities. However, the inherent secular character of the Indian Constitution
even before the inclusion of the word secular in the preamble of the
Constitution in the year 1976 by virtue of 42nd amendment of the Constitution
has protected India from such communal agenda. The inclusion of the word “secular” testifies
to the fact that there were elements working against the secular principles of
the nation. In one of the Republic Day (2015) advertisements of the Union
Government the facsimile of the Preamble of the Constitution was shown without
the words “Socialist” and “Secular”. BJP
leaders defended it saying that it was the facsimile of the original
Constitution which was signed on 26th January, 1950, where the words
“Socialist” and “Secular” were not mentioned.
It cannot be an
inadvertent omission because even the Union Minister for Information
technology, Ravi Shankar Prasad, suggested a debate on this issue. This is also
in line with the argument that had been advanced when Vajpayee was the Prime
Minister that the Constitution needed a comprehensive review.[17]The
paradox is that the ‘Justice Venkatachelliah commission he had appointed did
not suggest deletion of the words Secular and Social even if they had been
adopted by parliament in the years of the State of Emergency’.[18]
It is the re-emergence
of the ideas of M.S. Golwalkar who said ‘the word ‘secular’ is nowhere to be
found in our Constitution’.[19] Further these are reflections of RSS
aspiration to replace Indian constitution with Manusmriti. The Organizer
in an editorial on November 30, 1949, complained, that ‘in our constitution
there is no mention of the unique constitutional development in ancient
Bharat’.[20]
All attempts to destabilize
the principle of a ‘secular state’ with any other alternative in the Indian
setting is a deliberate plot to make sections of the nation strangers and it is
also an indicator that suggest that the government is refusing to be neutral in
religious matters. It is unthinkable that India a secular state is tormented to
accept Hinduism as the State religion. Nehru is blamed for disallowing Hinduism
becoming National religion. Had it happened, imagine the number of strangers
India would have witnessed. The sad fact is that this notion is again slowly
echoing in the conversations of many BJP leaders.
Curbing
Freedom of Religion
Indian constitution
unambiguously guarantees freedom of religion to all the citizens of India. Even
before the insertion of the word ‘secular’ in the preamble, Article 25
guaranteed freedom of conscience, and freedom to profess, practice and
propagate any religion as one of the fundamental rights. Call for a national
debate on article 25 is a well calculated plot to paralyze freedom of religion
in India.
President Mukherjee
in his republic day address (2015) said ‘we have always reposed our trust in
‘equality’ where every faith is equal before the law.[21]
Indian civilization has celebrated pluralism, advocated tolerance and promoted
goodwill between diverse communities. These values need to be preserved with
utmost care and vigilance.[22]
US President, Obama
spoke in clear terms to a crowded audience of mostly young people at New Delhi
that ‘upholding Article 25 of the Indian Constitution is the responsibility of
government, but it’s also the responsibility of every person’.[23]
Freedom of religion
is a fundamental ‘universal human rights’ as well. On the strength of absolute
majority in the parliament Union Home Minister Rajnath Singh called for a
national debate on ‘conversion’. It is a well calculated attempt in
continuation with ‘the then Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s
(a RSS trained Swayamsevak) demand for a debate on the conversion.[24]
It is to
shut freedom of religion for the minorities and thereby alienating sections of
the nation.
It
is more disturbing that elements within the BJP government are creating
disturbing situations to bring in debate on freedom of religion and enact an
anti-conversion law thereby depriving the religious minorities their right to
profess, practice and propagate their own religion. What is at stake is the freedom to choose any
religion and the ones who willfully chose religion of their choice are treated
as foreigners in their own land.
In most
important discussions the word deliberately chosen to debate is ‘conversion’
instead of ‘freedom of religion’. ‘Where is the place for people volunteering
and adopting another religion, like Ambedkar and so many others?’ ‘Where is the
place for choice of one’s religion in a democratic society believing in
‘freedom of religion and conscience?’[25]
We are
Indians. The choice of religion is our fundamental right. We are almost called
strangers in our own country because we chose a religion of our choice.
Democracy
as Majority Religious View
Democracy helps
religious minorities to express their concerns and grievances in a peaceful,
acceptable and parliamentary way. India ‘cannot remain a democracy without
allowing its citizens the freedom to practice a religion of their choice’.[26]
It is the gentle
spirit of democracy that even the numerically insignificant find space to bring
in their concerns. This golden rule is diluted by arguing that ‘the spirit of
democracy at its ‘best is nowhere more fully recognized and practiced than in
the age-old Hindu tradition’.[27]
Comparing democracy with Hinduism is mockery but risky as well.
It is falsely claimed
that “in a democracy the opinion of the majority has to hold the sway in the
day-to-day life of the people. As such it will be but proper to consider the
practical conduct of the life of majority as the actual life of the national
entity. From this point of view also, efforts to uplift the life of Hindus is
national and not communal.”[28]
These are the claims
and goals of RSS and we see them taking shape in many levels. It is also a fact
that ‘in any given national context, the
more politically dominant a religion, the greater its capacity to undermine
democratic values’.[29]
The deliberately worked out strategy of the RSS to compare
democracy with the majority Hindu view is a clever strategy to degrade the
numerically vulnerable. Religious
majority cannot replace political majority and do away with minorities.
Polarization
on Religious basis
‘Mobilizing the masses using religion
and religious symbols for political ends started along with independence
movement (Bharat Matha). And ‘almost
fifty years later, the Ayodhya Ram Janmabhoomi campaign employed similar
strategies to mobilize popular support for its vision of Hindu nationhood’.[30]
It
is now a reality that election manifestos of some political parties include
highly inflammable and sensitive and controversial religious issues. It is also
becoming a reality that just before elections communal riots are instigated. It
was seen in Uttar Pradesh before the general elections. Gujarat became a BJP
stronghold, presumably, after an ugly communal clash. Another new trend that
has developed is to make provocative communal attack on minority communities.
RSS
has floated various organizations with exciting names to strengthen Hindu
numerical strength in the places of neglected tribal and adhivasi people. These bodies work overtime to bring in other
religious communities as well. In reality these have changed the voting pattern
of India which has gone in favour of the BJP. Alienating and
“the targeting of minorities
has played an important role in polarizing the communities, in consolidation of
the majoritarianism politics in various ways.”[31]
In order to polarize
on majority and minority lines a false notion is created that the religious
minorities disrespect Hindu religion, culture, nation, religious heroes, etc.
Hindu
Culture
The beauty of Indian
culture is plurality (of cultures). Religion is integral part of any culture.
Talk of monoculture, rather majority culture, in place of multi-culture is
another source of brewing strangers. We are faced with the claim that the Hindu
Rashtra ‘stands for cultural and religious unity’[32]
and ‘our concept of Hindu Nation is ‘essentially cultural’.[33] Accepting other progressive and civilizing
cultural aspects are dismissed as, spiritual subjection’.[34]
It implies that only
a particular set of teachings, morals, standards and practices are the final
and similar other resources do not have relevance. The followers of such
resources, because minority in number, have to adhere to the norms of the
majority otherwise they do not find place in India. We hear news that Ramayana and Mahabharata should be given
centrality but not Kuran and Bible. Similarly, the unique tribal ‘culture and norms are
undermined and rejected’[35]
saying that they have to return to their original Hinduism.
RSS accuses the
minority religious communities that they do not respect Indian culture. Jawaharlal
Nehru refuted such notion and wrote ‘a Buddhist or Jain in India is a hundred
per cent product of Indian thought and culture, yet neither is a Hindu by faith.
It, is, therefore, entirely misleading to refer to Indian culture as Hindu
culture.’ Further, ‘it is incorrect and undesirable, to use ‘Hindu’ or
‘Hinduism’ for Indian culture’.[36]
The danger of Hidutva ideology is that
for the sake of merely preserving outdated and inhuman customs and practices
many reforms and transforming efforts are discouraged and disturbed.
One
Language
Language is the
vehicle that carries the rich resources of different religious traditions. Any effort to promote one language and
undermine the value of other is another form of brewing strangers. There is a
need in India even to credit the religious resources that mainly depend upon
oral traditions.
Hindutva glories
Sanskrit as ‘our mother-tongue- the tongue in which the mothers of our race
spoke and which has given birth to all our present tongues. Our gods spoke in
Sanskrit, our sages thought in Sanskrit, our poets wrote in Sanskrit. All that
is best in us- the best thoughts, the best ideas, and the best lines- seeks
instinctively to clothe itself in Sanskrit.[37]
It is assumed that, one day “as a solution to the problem of ‘lingua franca’,
till the time Sanskrit takes that place we shall have to give priority to Hindi
on the score of convenience.”[38] Recently I watched a TV news where a central
minister urged the people to sign in Hindi.
The revolutionary
contributions of Tamil literature and Dravidian contributions for social change
and political discourse are adversely portrayed saying a foreign missionary
falsely propagated in Tamilnadu, that ‘Tamil culture, Tamil language and
everything Tamil differed fundamentally from the rest of the Bharatiya culture,
language, etc., and that the Tamilians formed an independent nation by
themselves.[39]
Growing announcements
about celebration of ‘Sanskrit week’ and all out effort of the government to
promote Sanskrit is a worrying sign. It is wrongly proclaimed and even defended
by the Supreme Court that Sanskrit can be given special status as all the
important wisdom and teachings of India are in it. It is untenable that Hindu
religious literatures are equated with Indian literature. Sanctifying and promoting a particular
language and ignoring other can lead to alienating the linguistic minorities.
Home
coming/ Ghar Vapsi/ Reconversion
The effort of converting people back to Hinduism is called Home coming/ Ghar
Vapsi/ Reconversion/Suddhi, etc. It was a process began with Dayananda
Saraswathi and continues even to this day. This is a definite attempt to
reconvert people to Hinduism from the religions where the Dalits, Adhivasis,
tribals, discriminated and neglected of this country found liberation, respect
and acceptance. For the RSS, ‘this is only a call and request to them to
understand things properly and come back and identify themselves with their
ancestral Hindu way of life’. [40] Here
religious conversion is mixed up with nationalism and culture.
The program of
reconversion is aimed at increasing the number of Hindus and minimizing the
minorities from the point of votes. It is true that the ‘Sang
Pariwar is disturbed by the thought that if the flow of the depressed castes
into other religions is allowed to continue, their status as the majority might
get overturned in the recent future.”[41]
Security concern is often attributed to other
forms of religious mobility. For example “conversion of Hindus into other
religions is nothing but making them succumb to divided loyalty in place of
having undivided and absolute loyalty to the nation.”[42] In reality, forced reconversion is an attempt
to make sections of Indian society secondary to the majority community. It is
said “in a fascist religious state, minority
religions can only continue as secondary, in the mercy of the majority
religion.”[43]
Attempt to cloth re-conversion with
nationalism or culture is another process of brewing strangers.
Communalizing History and Education
We are faced with the RSS aspiration of rewriting Indian history and
Hinduvising of educational system. The
notion behind such aspiration is that the existing histories are based on
different periods (Hindu, Mughal, British, etc) and the education system in
vogue is not based on Indian (Hindu) values. The new history is expected to be
in line with the heroes (mainly religious) of India and the education system is
to be framed after the Hindu literatures.
The background of the new history is that ‘Hindus are the only
people who have succeeded in preserving their history which began from the
Vedas’.[44] It is Hindu religious history rather than
Indian history, wherein Hindu heroes are interpreted as saviors of this nation.[45]
Similarly, the new
discourse about Godse is ‘a political maneuver, aimed at rewriting the history
of the Indian polity, and its principles of secular, pluralistic statehood’. Hence
it is true that “India’s future lies in pluralism, parity, reasonable and
principled cosmopolitanism and not with settling scores in history.”[46] A
Hindu history in place of Indian history is a calculated effort to distort the
real historical process and to perpetuate the process of systematically making
us guest in our own country.
‘Many have charged the NDA with not just saffronising but
also degrading the country’s premier institutions by appointing under qualified
candidates to the post’. It is also called “the closing of the Indian mind”. An
ideology which relegates a few hundred million non-Hindus to second-class
citizenship can ever form the basis of serious scholarship.’[47]
For
Amartya Sen ‘the obvious danger of the saffronisation project is challenging
the principle of scientific enquiry and terming anything rational as
anti-Hindu’.[48]
Further, “the appointment of Hindutva proponents and sympathizers at the helm
of various educational, cultural and research institutions makes one to
conclude that ideology has taken precedence over efficiency and competence
under the new dispensation.”[49]
It is true that ‘the BJP Government
in Gujarat, MP, Rajasthan and Haryana are introducing Hindu religious texts in
schools and making Saraswati Vandana and surya namaskar Hindu rituals
compulsory’.[50]
The entire exercise is aimed at
imposing a particular point of view without space for other views.
Muslims
and Christians
Often the patriotism of Muslims in
India is suspected. [51]
Another allegation is that there is no true religion in them they are only
trying to further their political ambitions.[52]
Christians in India
are also subjected to criticism like, “together with the change in their faith,
gone is the spirit of love and devotion for the nation.”[53] They are accused of ‘keeping themselves aloof
from the freedom struggle’.[54]
They are also warned that, if the Christians do not subscribe to the ideology
of Hindutva ‘they will remain here as hostiles and will have to be treated as
such’.[55]
Savarkar includes Jains, Buddhists and
Sikhs as inheritors and partakers in the legacy of Hinduism, but he clearly
excludes Islam and Christianity as foreign ideologies. Therefore, hatred is often
manufactured against them ‘through riots, destruction of religious sites,
organizing religious conversion camps, beef bans, rewriting textbooks, censoring
works of history, literature and fiction that challenge the ‘Hindu’ version of
history, appropriating political icons, and raising monuments’.[56]
To form a Hindu
nation with one culture and one language Christian and Muslim presence is an
obstacle. Hence, Hindutva groups concentrate on infiltrating the notion that
the forefathers of Muslims were Hindus that they should return to the Hindu
fold as self-respecting persons.[57]
Too many
attacks on the minority religious communities (mostly Christians) take place
because ‘the message went around in a subtle manner that ‘our’ government will
ensure that the culprits will ‘get away’, law will be made to sleep over these
incidents’.[58]
False
propagations, false accusations and willful attacks are engineered to alienate
sections of the nation.
The claim of the
Hindutva advocates that the Muslim population will overtake Hindu, and
therefore Hindu women should give birth to many children has fallen flat with
the news that “India’s Muslim population is growing slower than it had in the
previous decades, and its growth rate has slowed more sharply than that of the
Hindu population, new Census data show.”[59]
Projecting others as future threat for political prospects is another way of
brewing strangers.
Gate
It is clear that the
process of brewing strangers is the Hindutva ideology propagated and supported
by RSS and now vigorously voiced by some members of the ruling party. It is not
to be an alarmist, not to panic, but to be cautious of the process of us being
considered as ‘persons that they do not know’, a new arrival, unfamiliar
person, foreigner, alien, outsider, visitor and guest in our own country. And hence there is a need to go to the gate.
Normally
gate protects against invaders. Besides, at ancient city gate important
business transactions were made (place of Public market), public deliberation
took place, court was convened (administration of justice), Public
announcements were heralded, prophets frequently delivered the messages and
criminals were punished outside the gate.
To protect ourselves
from the seeming invasion, to do our normal transactions as natural Indian
citizens, to voice our concerns, to seek justice, to listen government schemes
and announcements, to listen to the prophetic voices and to bring the guilty to
the book we need to approach all the possible gates. The following are a few
seemingly promising gates. We are constantly provoked to become strangers and
forced to stand at the gate. It is our strong hope that the gate will not
disappoint.
Legal Remedies
Religious freedom is
essential for equality before others and the law. Without justice and fairness to all the citizens of the country
sections of the nation will be relegated to assumed secondary level of
existence.
We live in a country where worship places are razed to the
ground by a mammoth mob under the leadership of communal political leaders, in
the full view of cameras and security personals. No one is punished. Thousands
of people belonging to a particular religious community are killed under the
banner of communal conflicts and the responsibility could not be exactly fixed. Increasing number of elected members of the
parliament makes provocative and communally loaded statements and goes
unpunished.
It is also a fact that most of the sensational and crucial
court verdicts are made in consideration of the majority religious sentiments.
Though it is rare, “Justice
is a necessary precondition for the existence of unity and harmony at every
level of society.”[60]
Although the
possibilities are bleak, we have to tightly hold on to the gate of Justice.
This is the prophetic vision. The minorities of the country with one voice
should constantly struggle for equal justice for all, as the example used by
Jesus, of a woman approaching a wicked judge and he then reluctantly delivers
justice to her. All issues that affect equality to minorities need to be legally
addressed. This is the strongest gate available to us in spite of the failures.
How do we utilize the full potential of this gate need to be carefully worked
out in collaboration with all the minorities, progressive ideologies and
political parties.
Legislative Process
Another possible gate
for our protection is the legislative system. It is difficult to use this gate
as there is less number of legislative members from minority communities
compared to the larger number from the majority community. Court rulings that
are not exactly suitable for egalitarian and respectable status in the country can
be revisited only through legislative process.
For example the
Supreme Court has ruled that freedom of religion bills legislated by different
states do not infringe the freedom of religion. In reality these bills have
made the choice for Freedom of Religion more difficult and complicated. As
human beings are becoming more civilized and global the possibility to change
religion should become simple and individual’s affair without government
interference as long as it does not violate the constitution of India. A
secular legislature alone can prevent dubious debates.
The Supreme Court has earlier declared Special status to
Sanskrit as the ancient Indian literatures are in Sanskrit. This shows the
subjective consideration of issues and the unpalatable nature of the verdict in
our context. It requires a legislative process to set right matters. Similarly
the presidential order disallowing government privileges to scheduled caste
Hindus converted to Christianity needs a bold legislative correction. A united Christian
persuasion along with other minorities, political parties and ideologies can be
of help to achieve this end. It is necessary to find out ways and means to
appeal to the secular legislators to set things right. The process of brewing
strangers will become more acute if we do not wisely access this gate. It is
not easy but we need to sincerely engage until we are able to convince.
Human
Rights and Humanness
Along
with the gates of legal and legislative process the wider ‘human rights’ and
‘common humanness’ aspects have to be carefully explored. As per UN
declaration, freedom of religion is fundamental human rights. It guarantees
dignity and rights of people. Freedom of religion is same to all. Hence, as we
seek freedom of religion we also respect the other’s freedom of Religion.
Freedom of religion
is clearly one of the most basic rights of human beings, “It is, perhaps, for
this reason that the challenges to this freedom have also been often regarded
as violations of what it is to be a human person.”[61] Our
constant vigil through state, national and international human rights
organizations shall be of great help.
This
is in continuation with the recognition of humanity’s ‘humanness’. What is
common to all is humanness and religion is a choice. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam wrote
“in whatever field we work, be it science, technology, medicine, politics,
policing, theology, religion or the judiciary, we have to remain in the service
of the common man whose well-being is central to all human knowledge and
endeavor.”[62]
Realization of a
common humanity behind the multiplicity of differences help celebrate plurality
and avoid denigration of minority communities. Poverty, health, education,
unemployment, malnutrition, terrorism are some of the concerns that require the
collective efforts of all communities. Rather than alienating the numerically
vulnerable, efforts should be in place for collectively dealing with these
situations.
It is significant
that “In spite of all constraints and complexities it must be possible for
people of goodwill to come together on the common ground of our basic humanity,
protected by a regime of human rights and affirmed in a commitment to
fundamental duties.”[63] It helps harmonious and peaceful coexistence
with mutual respect in our context.
Creating
Awareness
Apart from these
collective and broad approaches there needs to be a proactive and concentrated
effort from minority communities to prevent brewing strangers. We may use our
communication and educational channels to expose the hidden scheme of making us
strangers in our own country. The nation should be made aware of the process of
alienating us already initiated by the advocates of Hindutva through various
means. Wise, meaningful and innovative use of social/ media is helpful in this
regard.
Often, the
‘development slogans’ have the mesmerizing and often blinding effects upon the
real schemes that are working behind the many dubious announcements and
commitments. We need to overcome passivity to disillusion religious majority
centered developments ruthlessly blindfolding the younger generation of India
from being vibrant to the realities of India.
It has to be made
loud and clear that there are already forces at work to make India a Hindu
nation, to equate time tested political and government institutions and
instruments with Hinduism, to equate majority religious ambitions with
‘political majority’, to promote one culture, religion, language, values, etc
in the place of many, to facilitate inappropriate reconversions to strengthen
Hindu Majority vote, to vilify the religious minority communities and to
replace knowledge, scholarship and scientific enquiry and reasoning with
Hindutva ideology.
Clear
distinction should be made known between ‘spiritual quest’ on the one hand and
‘politicization of religion’ and ‘polarizing communities on religious grounds’
on the other. This is so significant in the context of growing communal
conflicts that dominate pre-election scenarios.
There
is also a need to expose the pseudo religiosity of BJP which has come out in
public, in the case of meat ban in Maharashtra during the Jain festival. Here
“A philosophy of tolerance is caught in a politics of intolerance and this is
ironic.”[64]
While
we strive against these ‘backward looking’, insulting and enslaving schemes and
their effect on us, the minority communities cannot shrink in their spirit and
efforts in nation building and transforming India.
Conclusions
I have highlighted, not the entire,
but a few challenges that are at hand for the minorities to be vigilant and
active in our commitment to the church and society. The programs suggested both broad and active
are not the whole range of solutions. May God enlarge our wisdom to stand up to
the occasion.
Religion and Dialogue
[1]Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Hindutva:
Who is a Hindu?, 6th ed. (New Delhi: Bharti Sahitya Sadan, 1989), 4.
[2] Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Hindutva:
Who is a Hindu?,4.
[3] Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Hindutva:
Who is a Hindu?, 3.
[4] Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Hindutva:
Who is a Hindu?, 82.
[5] Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Hindutva:
Who is a Hindu?, 84. (jati from jan)
[6] M.S. Golwalkar, Bunch of Thoughts,
3rd ed., Reprint (Bangalore: Sahitya Sindhu Prakashan, 2000),117.
[7] Ram Puniyani, “Choosing My Religion: Ghar Wapsi and Freedom of Religion,” NCC Review CXXXV/06 (July, 2015):9.
[8] M.S. Golwalkar, Bunch of Thoughts,
9.
[9] M.S. Golwalkar, Bunch of Thoughts,
129.
[10] “Development without Hindu Rashtra is
of no use: Togadia,” The Hindu
(Vijayawada) 27
January 2015, 10.
[11] “The missing conservative
intellectuals,” The Hindu
(Vijayawada) 25 July 2015, 10.
[12] “Rewriting the nation state,” The Hindu (Vijayawada) 17 March 2015, 9.
[13]M.S. Golwalkar, Bunch of Thoughts, 156.
[14] Ram Puniyani, “Choosing My Religion: Ghar Wapsi and Freedom of Religion,” NCC Review CXXXV/06 (July, 2015):9.
[15] M.S. Golwalkar, Bunch of Thoughts,
3rd ed., Reprint (Bangalore: Sahitya Sindhu Prakashan, 2000),227.
[16] Shamsul Islam, “Hindutva in Hurry,” Indian Currents XXVII/30 (27 July- 02
Aug, 2015):30.
[17] John Dayal, “Raj Dharma in 2015,” Indian Currents vol.xxvii/5 (02-08
February. 2015): 33.
[18] John Dayal, “Raj Dharma in 2015,” Indian Currents vol.xxvii/5 (02-08
February. 2015): 33.
[19] M.S. Golwalkar, Bunch of Thoughts,
162.
[20] Shamsul Islam, “Hindutva in Hurry,” Indian Currents XXVII/30 (27 July- 02
Aug, 2015):30.
[21] John Dayal, “Raj Dharma in 2015,” Indian Currents vol.xxvii/5 (02-08
February. 2015): 32.
[22] John Dayal, “Raj Dharma in 2015,” Indian Currents vol.xxvii/5 (02-08
February. 2015): 32.
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